The severity of chemical burns is closely related to the nature of the chemical, its dosage, concentration, physical state (solid, liquid, gas), duration of contact, extent of affected area, and the immediate first aid measures taken. Improper first aid can potentially lead to permanent disfigurement of the skin. Below is a brief introduction to several types of chemical burns.
Chemical Burn Type 1: Strong Acids
If clothing becomes saturated and causes burns, remove it immediately. Rinse the affected area repeatedly with copious amounts of water. After thorough rinsing, use a neutralizing agent—a weak alkaline solution or soapy water—to rinse. For phenol burns, neutralize with alcohol. For nitric acid burns, neutralize with a sulfuric acid solution for better results.However, if no neutralizing agent is available, do not insist on obtaining one, as thorough rinsing with clean water is the most fundamental measure.
Chemical Burn Type 2: Strong Alkalis
If an alkaline solution has soaked through clothing and caused a burn, immediately remove the contaminated clothing and thoroughly rinse the affected area with copious amounts of clean water.
After thorough rinsing, use a neutralizing agent such as dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute acetic acid (or vinegar).Follow with neutralization using sodium bicarbonate solution or alkaline soapy water. Depending on the situation, seek medical attention for further treatment.
Chemical Burn Type III: Ingestion of Strong Alkalis or Acids
Regardless of the amount ingested, these substances can burn the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach. Severe cases may burn through to the muscle layer, causing perforation.Therefore, do not induce vomiting or perform gastric lavage immediately, as this may cause esophageal or gastric rupture/perforation. Instead, administer the appropriate neutralizing solution based on the ingested alkali or acid type. Simultaneously, pour fluids like milk, egg whites, vegetable oil, or flour paste to protect the esophageal and gastric mucosa, buying critical rescue time.