Tooth extraction surgery for many people in life are no strangers, many patients with periodontal disease because of unbearable long-term toothache and choose tooth extraction surgery, which is very helpful for us to completely eradicate toothache, but we also need to pay attention to avoid triggering complications after tooth extraction, which will bring secondary damage to our oral cavity, the following let's take a look at the common complications about tooth extraction surgery introduction.

　　1, bleeding after tooth extraction

　　Under normal circumstances, the tooth extraction trauma pressure after half an hour will not bleed again. If there is still bleeding after spitting out the sterilized gauze roll, or bleeding again on the 2nd day after tooth extraction, then it is bleeding after tooth extraction. Bleeding does not stop at that time after tooth extraction, which is primary bleeding, and bleeding occurs on the 2nd day after tooth extraction due to other reasons, which is secondary bleeding.

　　The causes of bleeding include systemic and local factors. Systemic causes include various blood diseases, high blood pressure, liver and gallbladder diseases. Local causes are gingival tear, fracture of the alveolar bone, granulation tissue or foreign body in the alveolar socket, dislodgement of blood clot or secondary infection, and so on.

　　Prevention and treatment: detailed preoperative medical history should be asked, and patients with systemic diseases should be consulted by physicians of relevant departments and transferred to other departments for treatment if necessary. The operation of tooth extraction should be careful to minimize trauma. Tooth extraction trauma should be carefully handled, carefully explain to the patient and his family the precautions to be taken after tooth extraction. For patients with large trauma and bleeding tendency, they can leave only after checking that there is no abnormality after biting the gauze cotton roll for half an hour.

　　Bleeding after tooth extraction occurs, first of all, local inspection should be carried out. Generally, you can see the clot above the alveolar fossa, and there is blood oozing out from underneath the clot. The treatment method is: first remove the clot above the alveolar fossa, check the bleeding site, rinse with saline, local topical hemostatic drugs, and press again to stop bleeding. If there is a foreign body in the alveolar fossa, the alveolar fossa can be thoroughly scratched under local anesthesia, so that the alveolar fossa is filled with fresh blood, and then compression to stop bleeding. If bleeding is obvious, gelatin sponge or iodoform gauze can be filled in the alveolar fossa, and then the wound can be pulled together and sutured. After local management, patients with systemic factors need laboratory and symptomatic management, such as fresh blood transfusion or transfusion of coagulation factors.

　　2、Extraction wound infection

　　General tooth extraction does not occur after extraction wound infection, complex tooth extraction and blocked tooth extraction is prone to extraction wound infection, extraction wound infection is categorized into acute infection, dry socket and chronic infection of three kinds.

　　1、Acute infection

　　It is related to the large local trauma of tooth extraction, local infection foci before tooth extraction, and diabetes mellitus. Mostly occurs in the 2nd day after tooth extraction, local or facial pain, swelling and limited mouth opening. Obstructed teeth, as well as flap to remove bone or trauma in severe cases of postoperative 12 to 24 hours may appear obvious cheek swelling and pain reaction, but in 3 to 5 days after the gradual subsidence, does not belong to the acute infection.

　　Prevention and treatment: Adhere to aseptic operation during tooth extraction and minimize surgical trauma. For those who have localized infection foci, rough scratching is strictly prohibited after tooth extraction to avoid spreading the infection. Diabetic patients can only be extracted when their condition is under control. Give antibiotic treatment before and after surgery.

　　2. Dry socket

　　Dry socket is another type of acute infection of tooth extraction wound, which is common in mandibular posterior teeth, especially after extraction of mandibular third blocked molar. Under normal circumstances, the pain of the wound will gradually disappear after 2 to 3 days, even if it is a flap debridement extraction. If severe pain occurs 2 to 3 days after extraction, with pain radiating to the auriculotemporal region, the submandibular region or the top of the head, which cannot be relieved with normal pain medications, then dry socket syndrome may have occurred. Clinical examination reveals an empty alveolar fossa or a decayed and denatured blood clot that is grayish-white in color. The necrotic material covering the wall of the alveolar fossa has a foul odor, and the bone surface can be directly touched with a probe and has sharp pain. There is no obvious swelling of the maxillofacial region, no obvious limitation of mouth opening, and there may be enlarged lymph nodes and tenderness under the mandible. Histopathology showed superficial osteitis of the bone wall of the alveolar fossa or mild limited osteomyelitis.

　　Prevention and treatment: dry socket is related to surgical trauma and bacterial infection. Therefore, aseptic operation should be strictly adhered to during surgery to reduce surgical trauma. Once dry socket occurs, the principle of treatment is to thoroughly clean the wound as well as isolate the external stimulus to the alveolar socket and promote the growth of granulation tissue.

　　The treatment method is to clean the socket with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution under block anesthesia and wipe the socket repeatedly with a small cotton ball to remove the decayed and necrotic material until the socket is clean and odorless. Then the alveolar sockets were rinsed repeatedly with hydrogen peroxide solution and saline, and iodoform gauze was placed in the sockets. In order to prevent the iodoform gauze from falling off, the gums can also be sutured and fixed with one stitch. The general healing process is 1 to 2 weeks, 8 to 10 days after the iodoform gauze can be removed, at this time the alveolar fossa bone wall has been covered with a layer of granulation tissue, and can be gradually healed.

　　3、Chronic infection

　　Mainly caused by local factors, such as residual roots left in the alveolar fossa, granulation tissue, tartar, broken tooth fragments or broken bone fragments and other foreign objects. Clinical manifestations of tooth extraction wound for a long time, leaving a small wound, red and swollen gum tissue around the wound, a small amount of pus can be seen discharged or granulation tissue hyperplasia, generally no obvious pain.

　　Prevention and treatment: tooth extraction should be carefully cleaned up after the alveolar fossa, especially the chronic apical periodontitis of the affected teeth, apical inflammatory foci are not scraped clean, can occur after tooth extraction bleeding, but also the formation of chronic inflammation and long-term. Multi-rooted teeth should be extracted to prevent the residual root from being left behind. If chronic infection occurs, X-rays should be taken to understand the lesions in the alveolar fossa, whether there is any foreign body left, and the healing of the alveolar fossa, etc. Then under local anesthesia, the scraping of the alveolar fossa should be carried out again, so that the blood can be filled up, and then disinfected gauze cotton rolls should be compressed to stop the bleeding, and oral antibiotics should be given to treat the disease.