Tooth extraction surgery for many people in life are no strangers, many patients with periodontal disease because of unbearable long-term toothache and choose tooth extraction surgery, which is very helpful for us to completely eradicate toothache, but we also need to pay attention to avoid triggering complications after tooth extraction, which will bring secondary damage to our oral cavity, the following let's take a look at the common complications about the extraction of dental surgery introduction.

　　1, bleeding after tooth extraction

　　Under normal circumstances, the tooth extraction trauma compression half an hour after the bleeding will not be repeated. If there is still bleeding after spitting out the disinfected gauze roll, or bleeding again on the 2nd day after tooth extraction, then it is bleeding after tooth extraction. Bleeding does not stop at that time after tooth extraction, which is primary bleeding, and bleeding occurs on the 2nd day after tooth extraction due to other reasons, which is secondary bleeding.

　　The causes of bleeding include systemic and local factors. Systemic causes include various blood diseases, high blood pressure, liver and gallbladder diseases. Local causes are tearing of the gums, fracture of the alveolar bone, granulation tissue or foreign bodies in the alveolar socket, dislodgment of blood clots or secondary infection.

　　Prevention and treatment: detailed preoperative history should be asked, and patients with systemic diseases should be consulted by physicians of relevant departments and transferred to other departments for treatment if necessary. The operation of tooth extraction should be careful to reduce the trauma. Tooth extraction trauma should be treated carefully, and patients and their families should be given a careful explanation of the precautions to be taken after tooth extraction. For patients with large trauma and bleeding tendency, they can leave only after checking that there is no abnormality half an hour after biting the gauze cotton roll in the tooth extraction wound.

　　When bleeding occurs after tooth extraction, local examination should be carried out first. Generally, a clot can be seen above the alveolar fossa, and blood oozes out from below the clot. Treatment is: first remove the clot above the alveolar fossa, check the bleeding site, rinse with saline, local topical hemostatic drugs, and again press to stop bleeding. If there is a foreign body in the alveolar fossa, the alveolar fossa can be thoroughly scratched under local anaesthesia, so that the alveolar fossa is filled with fresh blood, and then compression to stop bleeding. If bleeding is obvious, gelatin sponge or iodoform gauze can be filled in the alveolar socket, and then the wound can be pulled together and sutured. After local management, patients with systemic factors need laboratory and symptomatic management, such as fresh blood transfusion or transfusion of coagulation factors.

　　2、Extraction wound infection

　　General tooth extraction does not occur after extraction wound infection, complex tooth extraction and blocked tooth extraction is prone to extraction wound infection, extraction wound infection is divided into three kinds of acute infection, dry socket and chronic infection.

　　1. Acute infection

　　It is related to the large local trauma of tooth extraction, local infection foci before tooth extraction, and diabetes mellitus. Mostly occurs in the 2nd day after tooth extraction, local or facial pain, swelling and limited mouth opening. Obstructed teeth, as well as flaps to remove bone or trauma in severe cases of postoperative 12 to 24 hours may appear obvious cheek swelling and pain reaction, but in 3 to 5 days after the gradual subsidence, does not belong to the acute infection.

　　Prevention and treatment: Adhere to aseptic operation during tooth extraction and minimise surgical trauma. For those who have local infection foci, rough scratching is strictly prohibited after tooth extraction to avoid spreading the infection. Diabetic patients can only be extracted when their condition is under control. Give antibiotic treatment before and after surgery.

　　2. Dry socket

　　Dry socket is another type of acute infection of tooth extraction wound, which is common in mandibular posterior teeth, especially after the extraction of mandibular third impaction molar. Under normal circumstances, the pain in the wound will gradually disappear after 2 to 3 days, even in the case of flap debridement. If severe pain occurs 2 to 3 days after tooth extraction, with pain radiating to the auriculotemporal region, the submandibular region or the top of the head, which cannot be relieved with normal pain medication, then dry socket syndrome may have occurred. Clinical examination reveals an empty alveolar socket or a decayed and denatured blood clot that is greyish-white in colour. The necrotic material covering the wall of the alveolar fossa has a foul odour, and the bone surface can be directly touched with a probe with sharp pain. There is no obvious swelling of the maxillofacial region, no obvious limitation of mouth opening, and there may be lymph node enlargement and tenderness in the submandibular region. Histopathological manifestations were superficial osteitis of the bone wall of the alveolar fossa or mild limited osteomyelitis.

　　Prevention and treatment: dry socket is related to surgical trauma and bacterial infection. Therefore, aseptic operation should be strictly adhered to during surgery to reduce surgical trauma. Once dry socket occurs, the principle of treatment is to thoroughly clean the wound as well as isolate the external stimulus to the alveolar socket and promote the growth of granulation tissue.

　　The treatment method is to clean the socket with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution under block anaesthesia and wipe the socket repeatedly with a small cotton ball to remove the decayed and necrotic material until the socket is clean and odourless. Then the alveolar sockets were rinsed repeatedly with hydrogen peroxide solution and saline, and iodoform gauze was placed in the sockets. In order to prevent the iodoform gauze from falling off, the gums can also be sutured and fixed with one stitch. The general healing process is 1 to 2 weeks, and the iodoform gauze can be removed after 8 to 10 days, when the bone wall of the alveolar fossa has been covered with a layer of granulation tissue and can be gradually healed.

　　3、Chronic infection

　　Mainly caused by local factors, such as residual roots left in the alveolar fossa, granulation tissue, tartar, broken teeth or bone fragments and other foreign objects. Clinical manifestations of tooth extraction wound for a long time, leaving a small wound, red and swollen gum tissue around the wound, a small amount of pus can be seen discharged or granulation tissue hyperplasia, generally no obvious pain.

　　Prevention and treatment: tooth extraction should be carefully cleaned up after the alveolar socket, especially the chronic apical periodontitis of the affected teeth, apical inflammatory foci are not scraped clean, can occur after tooth extraction bleeding, but also the formation of chronic inflammation and long-term non-healing. Multi-rooted teeth should be extracted to prevent the residual root from being left behind. If chronic infection occurs, X-rays should be taken to understand the lesions in the alveolar fossa, whether there is any foreign body left, and the healing of the alveolar fossa, etc. Then under local anaesthesia, the scraping of the alveolar fossa should be carried out again, so that the blood can be filled up, and then disinfected gauze cotton rolls should be compressed to stop the bleeding, and oral antibiotics should be given to treat the disease.