Medically classified as internal hemorrhoids, external hemorrhoids, or mixed hemorrhoids. Primary symptoms include bleeding after bowel movements and prolapse.Rectal bleeding is the most common symptom and the one that typically draws attention. It manifests as bright red blood after bowel movements, appearing as dripping blood or bloodstained toilet paper, usually without pain. Prolapse is another primary symptom, where a lump protrudes from the anus after defecation. It may retract on its own afterward or require manual repositioning into the anus. These symptoms can occur separately or individually.
Reading books or newspapers while squatting on the toilet
is most likely to cause hemorrhoids.From an anatomical perspective, the anal venous system and the inferior vena cava system intersect at the lower end of the cecum. This area contains numerous venous plexuses and anastomotic branches. The thin walls of these veins reduce their resistance to pressure. Additionally, the loose submucosal tissue of the cecum facilitates venous dilation, varicosity, and deformation, making hemorrhoid formation more likely.Congenital abnormalities during embryonic development can lead to various congenital anorectal disorders in the anal-cecal region, such as imperforate anus, congenital rectovaginal fistula, and congenital megacolon. Individuals with chronic malnutrition are also prone to developing hemorrhoids.Chronic constipation and poor bowel habits—such as reading while squatting on the toilet—along with excessive alcohol consumption and a preference for spicy foods, are all contributing factors to the condition.
It is important to emphasize that four major groups are at high risk for hemorrhoids: individuals with poor bowel habits (e.g., reading while squatting on the toilet); those who stand or sit for prolonged periods and suffer from chronic constipation; pregnant women; and people with irregular daily routines.
Do not overlook preoperative examinations.
Hemorrhoids are classified into four grades.Grade I: Bleeding during bowel movements, ranging from dripping to spurting blood. Bleeding stops spontaneously after defecation with no anal prolapse. Grade II: Frequent bleeding accompanied by anal prolapse that retracts spontaneously after bowel movements. Grade III: Bleeding with anal prolapse during defecation or prolonged standing, requiring manual reduction.Grade IV: Occasional bleeding with prolapsed hemorrhoids that cannot be manually reduced or recur after reduction. Generally, Grade I hemorrhoids may be managed conservatively with medication, while Grades II, III, and IV typically require surgical intervention. However, severe bleeding in Grade I cases may also warrant surgery.
Preoperative examinations are essential before hemorrhoid surgery; procedures should only proceed after confirming no contraindications.Some patients consider hemorrhoid surgery minor and deem preoperative testing unnecessary, yet this approach carries significant risks. The 7-12 days post-surgery constitute the "prolapse resolution period," during which ligated internal hemorrhoids detach. This phase is prone to bleeding, which can be dangerous. Sometimes blood accumulates within the intestines, making detection difficult. Heavy bleeding may lead to hemorrhagic shock. Hospital observation during this period is generally recommended.
Preventing Hemorrhoids: Cultivate Healthy Dietary Habits and Regular Exercise
Although hemorrhoids are common, adopting the following practices in daily life can help prevent their occurrence.
Sit on firm surfaces: When sitting on a hard surface, the two ischial tuberosities support the buttocks, minimizing pressure on blood vessels and reducing hemorrhoid risk.
Maintain a regular bowel routine. Ideally, have a bowel movement immediately after waking up each morning. Go to the bathroom promptly when the urge arises. For dry stools, drink a glass of lightly salted water each morning. If necessary, take medication to relieve constipation. For hemorrhoid sufferers, sitting on a toilet seat is preferable to squatting.
Increase vegetable intake while reducing spicy foods. Consume fresh vegetables like celery, spinach, Chinese cabbage, leeks, and pumpkin to facilitate bowel movements. Coarse grains such as buckwheat, sorghum, and corn are also beneficial choices. Simultaneously, limit consumption of pungent or irritating foods and avoid excessive alcohol intake.