They repeat the same mathematical relationships and patterns over and over again. These patterns are present everywhere in nature: in the arrangement of plants and their leaves, in the spirals of shells, in the helix of our own DNA. They also exist in basic geometric shapes and music. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans recognised these patterns in the balance and proportions of their art, architecture and philosophy.

　　It has been known for a long time that a harmonious profile or body shape is the result of certain numerical relationships. One of the most attractive proportions is the "golden ratio" (1.618:1) between the human mind and the eyes or the "golden ratio", which represents the proportion between the various functions of the human face, body, arms, legs and torso.

　　In its most beautiful human body, like in the most natural of other works, are harmonious proportions and beauty. To see these proportions, look at the drawings of the Vitruvian Man in Leonardo da Vinci. Considered the most beautiful face, there are ideals that relate directly to the golden ratio of facial proportions.

　　Obviously, different cultures and ethnic groups have different aesthetics, but it is in the details, not the proportions, that vary.

　　You may be wondering how to do all this golden ratio stuff with cosmetic surgery? When a surgeon talks about improving or restoring functional "harmony", he or she is referring, at least in part, to the golden ratio, or lack thereof, an instinctive response that seems to be innate in humans.

　　According to Sydney plastic surgeon Stephen, popularised beauty with proportional curves from the golden ratio. Beauty is something that never becomes square. There is always a subtle curve. Young faces are always shapely. The doctor sees faces that have a "reverse curve", a three-dimensional curve of beauty in an "S", where one curve is times the length of the other shapes. Putting an inverse curve on people's faces makes the old people look younger and face more beautiful.

　　The best way to enhance beauty follows the same sequence, first improving the texture of the skin, then correcting the shape of the whole face or body, and finally focusing on individual features.

　　In addition to good nutrition, moisturising and the correct use of sunscreen, there are also a large number of techniques and a wide range of products that can enhance the texture of the skin, the colour and the overall appearance of the skin.

　　The shape of the face can likewise be improved, not just by altering one particular feature, but also by altering the relative person so that the whole face forms more pleasing proportions. Faces that can be too long and narrow appear to look more oval, a generally stylised aesthetic. Wide faces can be narrowed by Botox injections to reduce the muscles in this area.

　　The doctor encourages doctors and patients to look at the entire face rather than focusing on one specific area.

　　Changing certain facial features may be appropriate for some people, but not for everyone. Race and personality must be carefully considered when altering the shape of the face. This is why plastic surgeons aren't right for everyone who looks like Angelina Jolie's lips.