Cramps primarily occur in the toes, legs, and abdomen. Relief methods vary, but the general principle is to stretch in the opposite direction of the cramp. For a toe cramp, grasp the cramped toe and gently pull it toward the opposite direction. For a calf cramp, press the knee downward while using the other hand to pull the sole of the cramped foot upward and backward, stretching the calf muscle.Thigh cramps are categorized into two types: the quadriceps (front thigh) and the hamstrings (back thigh). For a quadriceps cramp, use the instep stretch: bend the affected leg backward, press down firmly on the top of the foot with one hand to bring the heel close to the buttocks, stretching the quadriceps muscle.For hamstring cramps, straighten the knee, grasp the calf or heel, and pull the leg toward the body to stretch the hamstring muscle, allowing recovery. Abdominal muscle cramps can be relieved by assuming a floating position on your back. However, cramps originating internally within the abdominal cavity cannot be self-relieved; one must endure the pain and seize any opportunity to call for help.
When encountering danger or performing rescues in seawater, avoid touching unfamiliar organisms. Remain vigilant for creatures in the water that may actively attack humans. Harmful species include stinging jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones—jellyfish stings can even be fatal.Other hazards include spiny sea urchins that can inflict puncture wounds, barnacles and oysters that can cut skin, venomous sea snakes and cone snails, and biting creatures like eels and sharks that can cause serious injury or death. For jellyfish stings, rinse the affected area thoroughly with seawater to remove all residual stinging cells. Applying vinegar to the sting can alleviate symptoms. Seek medical attention promptly.
It is crucial to emphasize that water rescue operations must adhere to six fundamental principles:
First, the rescuer's own safety is always the top priority, followed by the safety of fellow rescuers, and only then the safety of the victim.
Second, multiple safe and effective rescue methods should be considered at the scene. If only one method is feasible, slow down the pace of action to allow more time for safety considerations.Rescue methods should be selected in order of increasing risk, prioritizing shore-based rescue without entering the water. Consider reaching out to rescue first, as it carries lower risk, followed by throwing objects, boat rescue, swimming to rescue, and aerial rescue—methods with progressively higher risk.
Third, whenever possible, wear personal flotation devices and organize a rescue team to increase backup support.
Fourth, never assume the victim can rescue themselves.
Fifth, shore-based rescue efforts remain critical after the drowning victim is brought to safety.
Sixth, upon discovering a drowning incident, immediately call emergency services like 110 or 120.